Assembly of Functional Cellulolytic Enzymes

Assembly of Functional Cellulolytic Enzymes In the present study, we reported the assembly of functional cellulolytic enzymes using a synthetic, cell-surface engineered yeast consortium. Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase II (EGII) and cellobiohydrolase II (CBHII) and Aspergillus aculeatus ÃŽ ²-glucosidase I (BGLI) were displayed as fusion proteins with the AGA2p C-terminus of a-agglutinin on the cell surface of the diploid yeast strain Saccharomyces. cerevisiae Y5. The immobilization of each enzyme on the cell surface was confirmed by immunofluorescence microscopy. This type of yeast consortium allowed convenient optimization of ethanol production by adjusting the combination ratios of each cell type for inducing synergy in cellulose hydrolysis. Next, the direct ethanol fermentation from steam-exploded corn stover was investigated. The optimized cellulase-displaying consortium produced 20.4 g/l ethanol from 48.4 g cellulose per liter after 72 h in the presence of a small amount of cellulase reagent (0.9 FPU/ml). These findings suggested the feasibility of the cellulase-displaying yeast consortium for simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. Currently, many technological barriers exist with respect to the economical production of ethanol from lignocellulosic biomasses [1]. In the process of hydrolyzing cellulose into soluble sugars, multiple cellulases including endoglucanase (EG), cellobiohydrolase (CBH), and ÃŽ ²-glucosidase (BGL) are required [2]. Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP), which combines enzyme production, hydrolysis, and fermentation in one step, is a promising strategy for effective ethanol production from lignocellulosic materials. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the traditional microorganism used for ethanol production, but it is unable to utilize cellulosic materials and a saccharification process is required prior to fermentation to produce glucose [3-4]. Numerous attempts have been made to engineer S. cerevisiae strains to express cellulases by cell surface engineering for direct ethanol production from cellulose, and although various bifunctional or trifunctional cellulose-degrading strains have been const ructed, the efficiency of cellulose degradation has not been sufficiently improved [5-9]. It would appear that co-expression of all cellulolytic enzymes in a single cell resulted in relatively low expression levels of cellulases, which may have been due to the heavy metabolic burden and potential jamming of the secretion machinery [6,7,10]. Therefore, in this study, we adapted a new strategy of performing simultaneous saccharification and fermentation with a synthetically engineered yeast consortium having the desired properties of cellulolytic ability and ethanol production to reduce the metabolic burden. The development of a diploid yeast strain is another promising strategy for improving expression levels of heterologous genes and enhancing the fermentation performance of S. cerevisiae. Because diploid strains have better growth ability as well as stress tolerances compared with haploid strains, they are particularly suited for industrial applications. Previously, our group reported on the construction of an à Ã‚ °-agglutinin expression system for genetic immobilization ÃŽ ²-glucosidase I on the cell surface of S. cerevisiae Y5 (Patent No: ZL200810222897.7, CGMCC2660). This diploid robust yeast strain possessed many advantages, such as higher ethanol yield, higher resistance to ethanol, and higher physiological tolerance to inhibitors present in lignocellulosic hydrolysates. Here, we report on our efforts to demonstrate the assembly of functional cellulolytic enzymes using a synthetic yeast consortium. In this study, we demonstrated the feasibility of constructing a novel cell surface engineered diploid yeast consortium for direct ethanol production from phosphoric acid swollen cellulose (PASC) and steam-exploded corn stover (CS), an important step toward direct ethanol production from insoluble cellulosic materials. The strains and plasmids used in this study are summarized in Table S1. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y5 used for the yeast cell surface display of the cellulolytic enzymes was a newly developed diploid strain in our laboratory. E. coli Top 10 was used as the host strain for recombinant DNA manipulation. T. reesei was purchased from CICC (China Center of Industrial Culture Collection). E. coli transformants were grown in Luria-Bertani medium (1% tryptone, 0.5% yeast extract and 1% NaCl, pH 7.0) supplemented with 100 ug/ml of ampicillin. S. cerevisiae Y5 transformants were selected and maintained on Geneticin plates (1% yeast extract, 2% peptone and 2% glucose supplemented with 600 ug/ml Geneticin) at 30 °C , were induced in YPG (1% yeast extract, 2% peptone, and 2% galactose) at 20 °C. The fermentation medium was composed of 10 g/l yeast extract, 20 g/l polypeptone and 10 g/l PASC as the sole carbon source. The à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ lamentous fungus T. reesei was cultured in potato dextrose aga r medium (2% potato extract, 2% glucose) at 27 °C. The cDNA was synthesized from mRNA by using the First-Strand cDNA synthesis kit (Fermentas). Unless otherwise indicated, all chemicals, media components and supplements were of analytical grade standard and obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All restriction enzymes were purchased from New England BioLabs (Ltd. Beijing). Primers used for plasmid construction are provided in Table S2. Plasmid pAGA1 for over-expression of the AGA1 gene and plasmid pBGLI for cell surface display BGLI were constructed previously [11]. Plasmid pEGII for cell surface expression of the EGII (egl2) was constructed as follows. The 1194 bp DNA fragment encoding the egl2 gene without its native secretion signal was amplià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ed with the à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ rst-strand cDNA prepared from T. reesei as the template using primer pairs egl2-For/Rev, this DNA fragment was introduced into the yeast display vector pYD1(Invitrogen) with Kpn I/BamH I. MAT terminator was amplified from pYD1 by using primer pairs MAT-For/Rev and then digested with BamH I/EcoR I to create plasmid pYD1-egl2MAT. The KanR fragment was obtained from plasmid YIP5-KanR by two-step cloning. First, the DNA fragment containing ADH promoter and KanR ORF was amplified from YIP5-KanR by PCR using the KanR-For/Rev primers and inserted into EcoR I/Apa I site of plasmid pYD1-egl2MAT; next, the ADH terminator digested with Bgl II/Nde I was also introduced into pYD1-egl2MAT. The resulting plasmid was named pEGII. For displaying the T. reesei CBHII gene (cbh2) in S. cer evisiae Y5, plasmid pCBHII was created. A 1344 bp gene fragment coding for the mature region of the CBHII was amplià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ed using primers cbh2-For/Rev-KT and introduced into plasmid pEGII digested with Kpn I/BamH I for replacing egl2 to form pCBHII (Figure 1). Transformation of S. cerevisiae Y5 was carried out using the lithium acetate method [12]. The plasmid pAGA1 was linearized by Apa I for chromosome integration. The plasmid pYD1 was transformed into S. cerevisiae Y5 as a negative control. S. cerevisiae Y5 clones transformed with different plasmids (strain Y5/pYD1 contained plasmids pAGA1 and pYD1, strain Y5/EGII contained plasmids pAGA1 and pEGII, strain Y5/CBHII contained plasmids pAGA1 and pCBHII) were selected and maintained on Geneticin(G418) plates. Immunofluorescence microscopy was performed as described previously [13]. Immunostaining was performed as follows. Induced recombinant yeast cells expressing cellulases were harvested by centrifugation at 6000 rpm for 5 min and washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). As the primary antibody, mouse anti-Xpress tag antibody (Invitrogen, R910-25) for EGII and CBHII was used at dilution rates of 1:1000. As the second antibody, Fuorescein (FITC)-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG(H+L) (Jackson, 115-095-003) was used at dilution rate 1:200. Cells and the anti-body were incubated at room temperature. After washing the cell–antibody complex with PBS twice, cellular localizations of the cellulases were observed under a fluorescence microscope. Yeast strains Y5 and Y5/pYD1were used as control. Yeast cells were induced in YPG medium for 48 h at 20 ºC and harvested by centrifugation for 5 min at 6000 rpm, washed with distilled water. BGLI activity of strain Y5/BGLI was measured using à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²-nitrophenyl-ÃŽ ²-D-glucopyranoside as the substrate according to a previously described method [14]. Endoglucanase and cellobiohydrolase activities were determined by hydrolysis of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and phosphoric acid swollen cellulose (PASC), respectively. PASC was prepared from Avicel PH-101 (Fluka Chemie GmbH, Buchs, Switzerland) as amorphous cellulose. The cell pellet was resuspended in a reaction mixture of 1% CMC or 1% PASC in 50 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.0) with the optical density at 600 nm adjusted to 1.0. After a reaction at 50 ºC for 30 min, the activities were determined by DNS method [15]. One unit of enzyme activity was defined as the amount of enzyme released 1 ÃŽ ¼mol reducing sugar from the substrate per minute. The abilities of the engineered yeast consortium (Y5/EGII + Y5/CBHII + Y5/BGLI) to fermentation ethanol from PASC and steam-exploded corn stover were investigated. The steam-exploded corn stover used in this study was provided by Henan Tian Guan Group Co., Ltd (Nanyang, Henan, China). The raw material was chopped to 2-3 cm size and treated in a steam-exploded vessel at 2.0 MPa for 5 min. The pretreated feedstock was dried at room temperature and directly used as a substrate without washing. The moisture content of the substrate was 8%. The composition of materials was quantitatively analyzed following the NREL Laboratory Analytical Procedure NREL/TP-510-42618 (Structural carbohydrates and lignin) (Sluiter et al., 2008)[16], as shown in Table 3. An enzyme mixture composed of equal amounts of cellulase (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and ÃŽ ²-glucosidase (Sigma-Aldrich) was used. Yeast cells harboring different surface-display plasmid for EGII, CBHII, or BGLI, were grown in YPD medium a nd then transferred to YPG medium for 48 h at 20 ºC to express cellulase. Cells collected by centrifugation at 5000 rpm for 5 min at 4 ºC, washed with distilled water twice, and mixed in the adjustable ratio to a total initial cell concentration of 30 g/l wet weight to form the functional consortium. Ethanol fermentation proceeded at 30 ºC with 90 rpm in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks. 1ml samples of the fermentation broth were taken periodically and stored at -4 ºC until they were analyzed for sugar and ethanol content. The total sugar was determined by the phenol-sulfuric acid method [17]. Glucose was measured by HPLC (model 1260, Agilent Technologies) equipped with a Hi-Plex H column 300 mm Ãâ€" 7.7 mm) and a refractory index (RI) detector. Samples were run at a temperature of 60 ºC and a mobile phase of 5 mM sulfuric acid at a flow rate of 0.6 ml/min. Ethanol analysis was carried out using GC (model 7890A, Agilent Technologies) equipped with a flame ionization detector and a HJ-PEG column. Samples were run under the following conditions: column oven at 120 ºC, front injection port at 200 ºC, with N2 as the carrier gas at a flow rate of 4 ml/min. The expression plasmids pEGII and pCBHII (Fig. 1) were transformed into the yeast S.cerevisiae Y5 strains, respectively. All of recombinant yeast strains had a pAGA1 plasmid for integrating AGA1 into the chromosome, and the resultant transformants were designated strains Y5/EGII and Y5/CBHII (Table S1). Upon galactose induction, the proteins were expected to be secreted and interact with the Aga1p and Aga2p anchor system by using the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor linked to the cell surface. To confirm displaying of EGII and CBHII on the yeast cell surface, immunofluorescence labeling of the cells was carried out using mouse anti-Xpress IgG antibody as the primary antibody. The green fluorescence of Fuorescein (FITC)-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG was observed for strains Y5/EGII and Y5/CBHII (Fig. 2), indicating that EGII and CBHII were displayed on the cell surface, respectively. The cells harboring the control plasmids were hardly labeled with mouse anti-Xpress IgG(Fig. 2). These results suggested that two types of cellulase were successfully expressed on the cell surface of S. cerevisiae Y5 strain. As shown in Table 1, EGII, CBHII and BGLI activities were detected in the pellet fraction of strain Y5/EGII, Y5/CBHII and Y5/BGLI, respectively. The strain Y5/CBHII and strain Y5/EGII showed moderate CBHII and EGII activity (1.14 U/OD600 and 1.27 U/OD600, respectively). The BGLI activity of strain Y5/BGLI cells was relatively low, which was only 0.72 U/OD600. No enzyme activity was detected in the culture supernatant (data not shown), and the control strain without displayed enzymes exhibited less than 0.1 U/OD600 of enzyme activity. These results clearly indicated that active enzymes were displayed on the cell surface without leakage into the culture medium. Ethanol fermentation from 10 g amorphous cellulose per liter was performed using a cell combination system consisted of three cellulase-displaying yeast populations. Cells displaying EGII, CBHII and BGLI were mixed in various ratios and the produced ethanol from PASC were measured. S.cerevisiae Y5 without displayed enzymes was the control strain. A mixture of cells with EGII: CBHII: BGLI ratio of 2:1:1 produced the highest amount of ethanol (1.76 g/l) after 84 h; the yield (in grams of ethanol produced per gram of consumed reducing sugar) was 0.42 g/g (Fig. 3). A mixture of cells composed of an equal amount of each cell type produced 0.68 g/l ethanol after 84 h (Figure 3), indicating about 1.6-fold improvement of ethanol production by optimizing the cell ratio. However, a large portion of the substrate (the amount of residual sugar after 84 h hydrolysis of 10 g/l PASC was 5.5 g/l, and the sugar consumption rate was 43.3%) remained after 96 h without being hydrolyzed because the cellu lase activities displaying on cell surface were not enough for complete cellulose digestion. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of steam-exploded corn stover (CS) as a sole carbon source was conducted for the cellulase-displaying yeast consortium of the optimized ratio 2:1:1 in the presence of commercial cellulase (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) with different enzyme loadings (0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5 FPU/ml). A mixture of cells was incubated in 100 ml of YP medium (20 g/l peptone, 10 g/l yeast extract) for 1 h to remove residual carbon source, and then resuspended in YP-CS medium (YP medium containing 100 g/l steam-exploded corn stover, corresponding to 48.4g cellulose per liter). As shown in Fig. 4, in the presence of 0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2 and 1.5 FPU/ml cellulase, 34.49, 18.71, 7.03, 2.11, 1.98, and 1.23 g/l of residual cellulose remained after 84h, respectively. Addition of 0.9 FPU/ml cellulase enabled utilization of 92.3% of the initial cellulose (Figure 4). The cellulose hydrolyzed by cellulase-displaying yeast consortium with an additional 0.9 FPU/ml cellulase was nearly the same as that by control strain S.cerevisiae Y5 with an additional 1.5 FPU/ml. These results indicate that cellulases displayed on the yeast cell surface improve hydrolysis of cellulose, although their activities were lower than commercial enzymes. Furthermore, using the optimized cell combination system, the relationship between the amount of added cellulase and final ethanol concentration was investigated. As shown in Fig. 5, in the presence of 0.9 FPU/ml cellulase, the cellulase-displaying consortium produced 20.4 g/l ethanol after 72 h, which was similar to the value (20.9 g/l) obtained by control strain in the presence of 1.5 FPU/ml cellulase (Table 2). Notably, as the ethanol yield reached 86% of the theoretical yield with 0.9 FPU/ml cellulase, the cell-surface engineered system enabled a reduction in the amount of added commercial cellulase. Hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose to glucose requires the sequential reactions of three groups of cellulases: endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase, and ÃŽ ²-glucosidase. CBP is a one-step process where all steps occur in a single reactor and a single microorganism or microbial consortium converts pretreated biomass to ethanol with no additional commercial enzymes. The key challenge of CBP lies in choosing the optimal host to directly convert lignocellulosic materials to ethanol. In recent years, several researchers have been engaged in co-displaying multiple cellulases in a single cell for direct conversion of cellulose to ethanol [18-21]. However, the enzyme activity can be limited because of the metabolic burden [22]. Furthermore, it is difficult to control the surface expression level of each enzyme for optimal ethanol fermentation. Apiwatanapiwat et al., constructed the engineered yeast strain NBRC-5Es that co-displayed two types of amylolytic enzymes, two types of cellulolytic enz ymes (T. reesei EGII and CBHII), and A. aculeatus BGLI on the cell surface. The NBRC-5Es strain produced 1.04 g/l ethanol from 8.44 g/l of the acid-treated Avicel after 48 h of fermentation and resulted in a large portion of the substrate remaining without being hydrolyzed by the enzymes. In this study, instead of co-displaying all the enzymes in one cell, we developed a cellulase-displaying yeast consortium consisting of three types of yeast cells, each displaying different cellulases. This method allows for convenient optimization of ethanol production by adjusting the combination ratio of each cell type for inducing a synergy in cellulose hydrolysis. Diploidization is also a promising strategy for enhancing the fermentation ability of S. cerevisiae. Because polyploid yeast strains, including diploid strains, have higher cell growth rates, cell yields, and tolerances to various stresses compared with haploid strains, they are particularly suited for industrial application. Therefore, to generate an efficient â€Å"whole-cell biocatalyst† yeast strain related to cellulosic ethanol production, we selected S. cerevisiae Y5, a robust diploid strain, as the host cell based on its fermentation and inhibitor tolerance properties [23-24]. We first explored the possibility of ethanol fermentation from PASC by using the surface-immobilized yeast consortium (Y5/EGII+Y5/CBHII+Y5/BGLI). A mixture of cells at the optimized EGII: CBHII: BGLI ratio of 2:1:1 produced 1.6-fold more ethanol (1.76 g/l) than cells composed of an equal amount of each cell type. Next, the fermentation performance of yeast consortium using steam-exploded CS as the sole carbon source was further investigated. The optimized cellulase-displaying consortium produced 20.4 g/l ethanol from 48.4 g cellulose per liter after 72 h in the presence of a small amount of cellulase reagent (0.9 FPU/ml), suggesting the feasibility of the cellulase-displaying yeast consortium for simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. Although several studies have been carried out on establishing a cell-displaying yeast consortium [25-27], few reports of direct ethanol fermentation from pretreated lignocellulosic material have been published. The combined cell system describ ed here could become the basis for the eventual direct ethanol production from insoluble cellulosic materials.

Anth. 3 Types of Rewards

There are three types of rewards that may or may not be equally distributed within a society. These rewards include wealth, power and prestige. Furthermore, there are three basic types of societies identified by Morton Fried in which the equal or non-equal distribution of these rewards may occur. These societies include that of an egalitarian society, a ranked society, and a stratified society. Egalitarian societies do not rely on wealth or power. Instead, people in this type of society do gain prestige through age, valuable skills, and an attractive personality. Everything is shared equally within this society and there is no reason for wealth because they tend to be a mobile type of society such as the hunter gatherers, and they are not able to bring many possessions with them. Therefore, there is no accumulation of wealth among the people of this society. The ! Kung are an example of a egalitarian society. They have little possessions, which usually denotes wealth in Western culture. They are an extremely mobile people who travel to find food. Therefore, they have no need for possessions because they are not able to bring them with them. They also work on a system of reciprocal sharing. Therefore, this prevents people from gathering wealth or power over others. As a result of being foraging people they have the option of leaving if one person within the band tries to take power over others. In ranked societies, there are a limited number of social positions which grant authority over others in the society. These positions are mostly always gained through heredity. Power and prestige are given to those in high social rank, which usually falls upon the eldest in the lineage. Wealth is usually distributed among the society equally through redistribution. The Tikopia society is an example of a ranked society. The 1200 people of the island were divided into 4 patriclans and each patriclan had its own chief. There are also clan chiefs who have the most authority over others. However, they did not have great power over others within the society because they believed that each had rights to the land and ocean resources within the clan. They were honored but their wealth and power was not great, seeing as they used the system of redistribution. In stratified societies, the rewards of wealth, power, or prestige are not equally distributed within the society. There are two distinguishing characteristics in stratified societies. The first characteristic being inequalities between strata in access to rewards such as wealth power and prestige because they may be obtained through heredity. Secondly, there may be unequal access to resources. There are two types of stratified systems in the world today. The first of these is the caste system. The course text defines a caste system as a â€Å"stratification system in which membership is a stratum is in theory hereditary, strata are endogamous, and contact or relationships among members of different strata are governed by explicit laws, norms, or prohibition. A widely used example of a caste system is in place today in India. Those who are born into the highest caste can look forward to a very promising future filled with wealth and prestige. Those born into the lowest caste have a life of hard labor and no chance of advancement. There are strict laws to enforce marriage between people of differ ent caste, and even social relationships among people of different castes. The second type of social system is known as a class system. A class system is defined in the text as, â€Å"a system in which membership in a stratum can theoretically be altered and intermarriage between strata is allowed. An example of a class system would be that of our own western culture. The easiest way to determine class for our culture is through wealth. The more wealth you have the higher your class, but it differs from that of the caste system because you are able to have social relations with people outside of your own class and you are able to move up in class. Even if born into a â€Å"lower† class you are able to gain access to schools, have access to resources, and are able to marry outside of you

Background of Human Resource Management - 1652 Words

Background of HRM Early studies on human resource management can be traced under the field of the studies of personnel management (Scott, 1915; Asher, 1972; Campbell et al., 1970). However a shift from personnel management to HRM occurred in the early 1980’s. Some authors (Storey, 1994; Torrington et al., 2008) argue that human resource management has two meanings. According to one of them, human resource management covers the same activities that personnel management used to before the shift in the 1980’s. Following another meaning however, personnel management and human resource management differ. Legge (1995) argues that the difference between the two is very thin and is based on the way people are treated, as the†¦show more content†¦incentive pay, pay for performance vs. seniority). †¢ The extents to which reward systems are linked to strategic plans and encourage employees to work toward accomplishing business needs and meeting customer requirements. †¢ The extent to which rewards are based on individual vs. group or corporate performance. ââ€" ª Structure of non-financial rewards (e.g. recognition programs, titles, informal status symbols). Communications and Public Relations †¢ Types of information presented to employees, manner of presentation (e.g. confidential vs. public) †¢ Types of communication channels; dissemination of information inside and outside the organization; opinion of surveys; open door policies. †¢ Design of communication programs (e.g. public meetings, management forums for discussion, videos, written communications, bulletins). ⠝â€" Motivation The term Motivation is divide form word ‘MOTIVES’. Motives are those fore within an individual that compel him to act or not to act in certain ways. So MOTIVATION way be defined as a process of stimulating sub- ordinate to work hard with confidence towards the attainment of organizational goals. In order to motivate a person it is necessary to satisfy his needs, needs may be classified as follows: [pic] ⠝â€" Maintenance: It means arranging for the necessary facilities for the employees. It is an important function which includes providing healthy workingShow MoreRelatedEvolution Of Business Report On Human Resource Development1447 Words   |  6 PagesEvolution of Business Report Introduction Human resource is an important aspect of every organization and none can exist without it. Therefore, the human resource department is charged with the role of hiring, training and development as well as payroll management among other staff related activities. The human resource objectives must be aligned with the overall organization’s objectives in order to avoid conflict of interests. Consequently, it is important to develop a strategic plan which encompassesRead MoreHuman Resource Planning And Development1444 Words   |  6 PagesHuman resource is an important aspect in every organization and none can exist without it. Therefore, the human resource department is charged with the role of hiring, training and development as well as payroll management among other staff related activities. The human resource objectives must be aligned with the overall organization’s objectives in order to avoid conflict of interests. Consequently, it is important to develop a strategic plan which encompasses the various factors that are involvedRead MoreProject Management Plan For Efficient Human Resource Management Planning1117 Words   |  5 Pagesfailure due to inefficient human resource management planning. This paper begins with a brief background of the case followed by identifying the issues needing attention. There will be a discussion on who was responsible for the failure and whether or not the appropriate direction was justified. There will be a brief summary of what I felt would be a better plan followed by any lessons learned I gained from this case study. Background Desi Solutions, a project management consulting firm was hiredRead MoreThe Challenges with Human Resource Departments Essay1097 Words   |  5 PagesHUMAN RESOURCE CHALLENGES 2 The Challenges with Human Resource Departments In todays workforce, the job of a manager for a human resource department faces many challenges and act as the mediator for the employees, organizations, and other stakeholder needs are to be addressed on issues related to laws, policies, and interpersonal skills, managing personnel issues, and setting an environment to coordinate a multicultural workforce. The human resource department requires an orderly approach toRead MoreAssignment 3 : Human Resources Management1461 Words   |  6 PagesMatthew Allen September 29, 2014 LS 625 Assignment 3 – Human Resources Management Issue CASE STUDY: Read Part One of the text: Chapters 1-4. Write a description of a problematic situation or incident that you have witnessed or experienced in your workplace. The situation or incident should focus on a human resource management issue. In detailing the incident, begin with an overview of the circumstances surrounding the initial development of the problem. Include specific details, the people involvedRead MoreCareer Choices For A Career1539 Words   |  7 Pageswhich pathway might be the best to lead one towards success. In addition to choosing a pathway it is pertinent to learn the background as well as stepping stones to leave a person with more of an understanding of that profession, especially if the focus of career is dealing with Human Resources. One field that one might look into as a profession would be Human Resource within recreation. With HR being a growing field in recreation, it is important to become equipped in the building blocks toRead MoreHuman Resource Management : Employee Motivation955 Words   |  4 Pages1.1 Background of the study In the contemporary business development, it is essential to manage not only the external resources but also the internal resources, such as human resources (Flamholtz, 2012). In the field of human resource management, employee motivation is an essential topic, which aim to enhance the working enthusiasm for the employees in order to gain the higher production (Jiang et al., 2012). Then, another complex theme, job satisfaction, is considered to be a factor that can forceRead MoreHuman Resource Management Practices of the Sydney Hotel741 Words   |  3 PagesCHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background Sydney Hotel is a profit organization which was establish on June 1991 and it was started operate in General Santos City on 1993. For the successive years of operation, there was large number of guest every year that Check in the Hotel. It became a challenge to the president, Charlemagne T Delfino. Sydney Hotel is one of General Santos Citys preferred hotels. The hotel is well-equipped with spacious function rooms for banquets and conferences. SydneyRead MoreHuman Resource Management Development Into A Prevailing Application Of Research1085 Words   |  5 PagesConsequently, is it not surprising that the literature of the 1990s points to human resource management’s development into a prevailing application of research. Marciano (1995) suggests that human resource management had practically displaced â€Å"personnel and in many schools threatening to supplant industrial relations and organizational behavior† (p. 223). Yet, at the same time defining human resource mana gement was elusive with the inability â€Å"in identifying its boundaries, or in distinguishing itRead MoreCase Study : Maple Leaf Shoes Ltd982 Words   |  4 Pageswould ask. During his interview with the president and major shareholder, there were many interruptions such as the phone calls. Using face to face interview process Lance got to learn not only about the way the employees think about the company management but also the non-verbal cues gestures and attitudes of the employees. Wolff (2008) asserts that â€Å"the key to solving underperformance is communication, communication, communication – coupled with clarity about expectations and objectives, early intervention

A Lifestyle Of Learning Essay - 977 Words

A Lifestyle of Learning â€Å"‘ Libby, who was the first president of the United States?’ ‘George Washington!’ ‘Who was the first man to walk on the moon?’ ‘Neil Armstrong!’ ‘How do you spell your name?’ ‘L I B B Y!’† This was a conversation my father and I had often, when I was three and four years old. From a young age, I loved to learn. Facts, Bible verse, spelling, and math; at three years old, I would memorize just about anything. I loved knowledge and the way it empowered me. As a young child, knowledge gained me coveted praise and attention from those older than me, and in elementary and junior high school, knowledge gained me respect from my peers. Now, as an adult, knowledge unlocks whole new worlds, as I explore different ways of thinking, skills and people groups. Since I was three years old, I have lived a lifestyle of learning. Though my mom taught me how to read and w rite, at home, kindergarten was the first experience I had in a formal classroom. I remember my first day of kindergarten being daunting. Not only was it my first experience in a classroom, meeting all kinds of new people, but it was also my fifth birthday, landing the spotlight on me, for much of the afternoon. After the newness of kindergarten was less overwhelming, I thrived. I already knew how to read and write which placed me lightyears ahead of other students in my class. I spent my time reading first and second grade level books, while the rest of the class was stillShow MoreRelatedThe Male Gender as a Performance in Beer Advertisements Essay812 Words   |  4 PagesAaron Devor in, â€Å"Becoming Members of Society: Learning the Social Meanings of Gender,† argues that gender is a performance. He supports his argument by recognizing how society rewards, tolerates or punishes conformity to or divergence from social norms (widely accepted behaviors set by society). If a male fails to fall into his expected characterization of dominance and aggression or a female fails to act out in passivity and submission, they are at high risk of societal punishment. Michael MessnerRead MoreSummary Of On Dumpster Diving 1364 Words   |  6 PagesIn 1993, Lars Eighner, a homeless college dropout, published his memoir titled Travels with Lizbeth. Within, an essay titled â€Å"On Dumpster Diving† shares his experiences and how they define his identity. Eighner views identity not solely on his status of a scavenger, but rather on how his experiences shape his identity and how he acts despite his circumstances. Similarly, as a student, my own identity is not based on my status, but rather on how my behavior is shaped in my situations. The identitiesRead MoreApex american lit Essay1645 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ 2.3.8  Practice:  Analysis Essay: Independence and Constitutions Practice Assignment English III (2013) Sem 1 (S2605467) Ashley Heaton Points possible:  50 Date: ____________ Assignment Write a literary analysis essay of the U.S. Constitution. Focus on how the Constitution provides liberty for American citizens. Use quotations from the Constitution to support your points. If you choose, you can compare or contrast the U.S. Constitution with the Haudenosaunee Great Law of Peace (the IroquoisRead MoreCultural Convergence And Its Effects On People s Lives994 Words   |  4 Pagespositive effects on people’s lives. A cultural convergence is a massive threat to the traditional societies, but partially it is advantageous. This paper will discuss pros and cons of having cultural convergence in this global world. Moreover, this essay will analyze if cultural convergence is a beneficial factor or not. Cultural convergence is a huge part of globalization and it is important to examine how cultural convergence is altering our societies. A society learns significant amounts of knowledgeRead MoreGraduation Speech : College Is A New Lifestyle, And The Hope Of A Job After Graduation1224 Words   |  5 PagesStudents go to college in search of knowledge, a new lifestyle, and the hope of a job after graduation. For many young adults, college is a rite of passage into an independent, mature new lifestyle. Not only is higher education a rite of passage, for some, it is also an opportunity to have a better life. Overall, college is a wonderful part of many people’s lives, yet the way the college education system is conducted wastes students time and money. College is basically composed of two parts: generalRead MoreNutrition and Health893 Words   |  4 Pagesto help children, and one great way is to ensure they are properly fed. The hearts and minds of children cannot be fully engaged in learning, unless their bodies are content and ready to learn. When children come to school hungry, they are rushing though hectic schools lunch periods, or when they become restless because there is â€Å"no time† for recess, their learning abilities will be challenged. Poor nutrition and the lack of physical activities for today’s youth are major contributing factors toRead MoreInformative Speech793 Words   |  4 Pagesthrough the question How to write an essay?, another one comes. Thats the thing students desperately Google like What is a informative speech? – and, believe experts, this is something youll definitely need some professional help in. Informative speaking is a speech on completely new issue. Tell your audience something they have never known! Now that you know the answer to the question â€Å"What is informative speaking?†, it’s time to check a great informative essay topics list – check the modernRead MoreSeeing England For the First Time786 Words   |  4 Pagesconstrained. Jamaica Kincaid devotes her essay, Seeing England for the First Time, to her profound mysticism she has towards England as she grows up on the island of Antigua before it becomes an independent country. With descriptive language, Kincaid reveals her frustration for England within the classroom and at her home through use of imagery and satire. The earliest memories of England Kincaid has is when she was in school as a child. Kincaid opens her essay with sarcasm by saying that England looksRead MoreEssay on Factors Affecting the Complexity of Criminal Behavior1489 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay will consider the notion that any person could become a criminal. In considering this, the question ‘what makes a criminal a criminal’ will be discussed. Defining criminal behaviour is itself, difficult as it could be considered a wide range of behaviours from tasting fruit at the market to speeding to swearing at someone in frustration. Further to this discussion is a consideration of the roles that society and individuals have in defining and contributing to people engaging in criminalRead MoreThe Societal And Cultural Values1197 Words   |  5 Pagesartists have represented women as money hungry individuals with lavish lifestyle. Consequently, the male rappers have in most cases objectified women and used them t o portray their fantasy lifestyle. It is because of this kind of representation that this paper analyses 50 Cents’ Candy Shop. In this essay I will specifically discuss the societal and cultural values 50 cent portrays through his music and music videos. The essay will also explore the message that 50 Cent delivers to his audience and